One of the recent findings is that humans share most of the genes with cats, cows and mice. While early rodents, leading to mice, are on the evolution tree leading to humans, cows and cats are not. In fact, humans should be as far from these animals than from wolfs, elephants, whales and so on, but humans are close to these domestic animals. Humans have not been (successfully) interbreeding with these species, so a likely candidate is that genes have been transferred through diseases between humans and domestic animals. It is known that virus DNA can merge to host DNA.
This fits very well to my just-invented theory of evolution: it is not mutations directly, we got mutated genes from being infected by single cell organism or viruses. This is how single-cell organisms (or viruses, I will not mention this all the time), which have accumulated mutations to Junk DNA, precisely pseudogenes, for over 2 billion years can have started the evolution of multicellular lifeforms.
The reason for proposing this theory is quite simple. A size of a gene is about 1000 base pairs and there are two nucleotids in each base pair, so mathematically it is base 4. Then there are 41000=22000 possible combinations. This is a very huge number.
How many of these combinations appear in life on the earth? We can derive an upper bound for this number. There are 8.7 million species and each species has in average about 10,000 genes and maybe 10 alleles for each gene. There is also much Junk DNA, that is, pseudogenes. I will overestimate the amount of Junk DNA: let it be that only 1% of DNA is functional. Then there are 8.7*106*10,000*10*100≈1014≈245 gene alleles in the world.
There is an enormous difference between 22000 and 245. If the existing gene alleles are rather evenly distributed among the 22000 possible combinations, then there are needed 2000-45=1955 binary changes, that is 977 mutations to change an average gene allele to a new working one. The number is actually larger than that since 245 is a very rough upper bound. For instance, the ten alleles do not play any roles since alleles are usually just a single mutation apart (SNPs), so they should not be considered as typical individual genes.
One may argue that instead of considering a whole gene of 1000 bp, one should take a protein-coding part, and exon, of a gene. The size of an exon is about 100 bp and there are roughly ten exons in a gene allele. Now the comparison is between 2200 and 248. That is better, but still not good. It means 76 mutations in average between different genes.
So, it would take 76 mutations before a mutated gene would emerge from being a pseudogene and starting to work again. We may assume that this is the case because no intermediate steps worked. There must be very few working combinations if it takes 76 mutations to find one, but then a sequence of 76 mutations that does find a working combination must be an extremely lucky one. Indeed, if working combinations are this rare, then the probability of hitting a working combination is 76 mutations is about 248.. Even if we consider all 248 exons that exist in the world, the probability that any of them hits a working combination is about 2-100, almost zero.
Theoretically it could be so that there are much more working combinations. It could be that it does not take many mutations to find a working combination. If that would be the case, then the genes or exons that can be found in the life would all be very similar. They would differ only by few mutations. This apparently is not the case, since there is no information that all genes are derived from a single gene, or a small set of genes. We can assume that genes and exons in the life are indeed quite different. In fact, if the coding parts would be quite similar, why would proteins need to be 300-500 amino acid long?
I tried to find the average base pair distance of genes,. That is, how many base pairs have been changed by mutations. It would show how the existing genes are distributed over the space of all potential combinations of base pairs in a gene-size DNA fragment. I could not find the number, apparently it has not interested genetics researchers.
Let us assume genes do differ quite much from each other. What does this imply?
It implies that when a duplicate gene got several mutations and stopped working, becoming a pseudogene, if did not start working again until it had accumulated very many mutations. Why is that? Because very few of the possible combinations of the 1000 base pairs are useful for life. This means that hitting a useful combination with random mutations must be practically impossible.
It implies that the mutations cannot be random.
Is it certain that the changes to the DNA must be by mutations? There are other possibilities: genes could be obtained to the pool of a species from mixture with other species, but this possibility does not help us here, as then the problem is how the other species got the gene. There are also various copying errors in cell division, but they are even less likely than mutations: this is the reason why a mutational clock is used for estimating the time when two species separated from each other, mutations are the dominant mechanism. Thus, it looks like mutations must be the mechanism causing the DNA changes in our situation.
We can draw two conclusions. The first one is that finding useful genes by random mutations is too unlikely and the mutations cannot be random. The second one is that creating a new gene with mutations assuming the measured mutation rate takes about two billion years. This is regardless of if the mutations are random or not.
The second conclusion implies that only few new genes can have developed in multicellular organisms, as they have been in existence only for 600 million years. Most of the genes must have been obtained from single cell organisms. But the branch of single cell organisms, which obtained the multicellular gene, created a bottleneck to all multicellular organisms at around 600 million years before present. The only way the new genes, which were created over 2 billion years in single cell organisms, can have moved to multicellular organisms is that they came through infections or similar methods, they were not inherited.
This seems correct. Many forms of life show a small number of similar genes. They prove that life developed from a single original cell (though the question if Arthropods from a separate lineage may still be open). Yet, there are very few of these joint genes and most genes do not point out to a bottleneck around 600 million years ago.
What can be a method causing mutations, if not random?
There may be such a method. The rules of physics do not always determine everything. In quantum physics the observer has in some situations the role of selecting one of the possible outcomes. A human observer cannot do this selection intentionally, he simply observes, but we can imagine that there is a different mind that can also decide what an outcome must be. Such a mind can decide what mutations should happen. The history must change to confirm to the decision.
The mind can be identified by the Intelligent Designer, the God. This mind would have to be one in order to create genes that combine together to a working organism. Clearly, if the genes are created by (nonrandom) mutations over 2 billion years, they are created long before they are used in multicellular life forms. This is high intelligence and planning.
As it seems, I just proved the existence of the single God and this god works by miracles of a particular type – they do not violate laws of physics at all.
The act of deciding what mutations there should be is a kind of a miracle, but of the type that later one cannot prove that there was any miracle because they are still just mutations, only more lucky than mutations are expected to be.
Let us take the example of Jesus telling a mountain to move from one place to another. Clearly, a mountain cannot move because the laws of physics. But the mountain was once created in far a way history. At that time it may have been a case of chance where the crust of the Earth breaks and where the mountain rises. It is even possible that it was a so chaotic situation that the laws of physics did not precisely tell where the mountain grows. Had there been an observer, a human, his observation might have been the decisive factor. (Not really with a mountain being born, but e.g. with a quantum system it is so.) A mind, which could not only observe but also to decide, might have decided the place where the mountain grows. Can this be done later? In quantum systems it could be done later. History takes the form that is needed to suit to the reality determined by the observation. In a similar way, Jesus could decide that the mountain grows 100 m further, and history would have to change. Clearly, this is a miracle, yet later there is no miracle: the mountain has been standing in the new place for millions of years. Everybody remembers it had always been standing there. Finally they laugh the magician away.
This is the nature of a miracle. It fits perfectly to some biblical stories. Elias calls a lightning form the sky to fire his offering. The place where a lightning hits is probably not fully defined by laws of physics.
I will not continue this line of thought further, as it surely irritates people who have not got used to the idea. Let them only redo the calculations of the improbability of creating new genes, but I will go on with the purpose of history of the life. After proving the existence of a single God, it is natural to prove that there will come the catastrophe, the Day of Judgement, the end of the times.
The belief that the time is divided into times is very old. Incidentally, it is correct. The history of life on the earth shows such times, called geological eras.
The history of the life shows five major eras: Archean, Protezoic, Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic. The present mass extinction of species shows that the Cenozoic era is coming to its end. A new era will start after it. Some call the new era Anthropocene, the time of culture, and believe that humans are the dominant species in it. I would not be so sure humans survive the end of Cenozoic. The six eras are:
- The Archean era started around 4 billion years ago and ended to the oxygen catastrophe about 2.5 billion years ago. Most of the previous life perished.
- Protezoic ended to the snowball Earth catastrophe when most of previous single cell life died. After that, from 543 million ybp developed multicellular life with all major phylas.
- The Paleozoic era ended 248 million ybp to mass extinctions of trilobes and sea scorpions and after that started the era of saurs.
- The Mesozoic era ended to a major catastrophe 65 million years ago. The catastrophe destroyed dinos and other saurs. The era of mammals started after the catastrophe.
- We are now witnessing the end of Cenozoic and mass extinctions of species caused by human culture.
- The new era. Started recently or starts soon.
What can be seen is that all eras end to a catastrophe. The length of the eras, 1.5 billion years, 2 billion years, 300 million years, 183 million years and 65 million years, are different and decrease (the first era can be extended to the time before life) but without a simple mathematical rule. Old prophets stating that the end of the times is near are quite correct and have been correct for the last 10,000 years. We are living at the end of an era, only eras do not end in a single day or a year. In each catastrophe some or most of the species become extinct. Especially this is the case for the dominant species. Humans were not a dominant species during most of the Cenozoic, but it does not need to mean that the new era is the era of humans. It may be that humans are the last criminal species of Cenozoic, who bring the destruction to their world.
The Archean and Cenozoic eras ended or end because of a pollution created by new life in the era (cyanobacteria and humans). The Protezoic and Mesozoic eras ended because of external reasons (deep frost and probably a comet). The Paleozoic era ended to the Permian-Triassic extinction event 252 million years ago. It was the biggest extinction event. It was caused by bacteria emitting methane that warmed the earth.
At least in some cases we can say that the era ended into a catastrophe that was caused by the inhabitants of the planet destroying the environment. This seems to be the case with all five mass extinction events (not all the same as the eras)
https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-timeline-of-the-mass-extinction-events-on-earth.html
That is the old meaning of sin. Their world came to the end because of their sins.
I guess I restated all that Mohammad and other before him said: there is one God and there will be the Last Day and all flesh will be judged by their sins. Nice ending starting from checking the error in the evolution theory. No wonder that evolution researchers do not want to admit they have a problem in the theory.
Actually I know why they keep the error there. It is all about control. You control people by destroying the pillars of their society. Illuminati wanted to destroy the three main pillars: king, church and family. They are still doing it. Destroy the pillars, then the people are like sheep, or that is the theory. It will fail, of course.